Compostable vs. Biodegradable: What’s the Difference?

In today’s eco-conscious world, terms like “compostable” and “biodegradable” are often used interchangeably. However, these two terms actually refer to different processes and have different environmental impacts. Understanding the difference can help you make informed choices when shopping for sustainable products.

1. What Does Biodegradable Mean?

“Biodegradable” refers to any material that can break down and decompose naturally in the environment with the help of microorganisms like bacteria and fungi. However, not all biodegradable materials are created equal. Some may take just a few months to decompose, while others (like certain plastics) may take years.

Biodegradable materials include natural products like wood, paper, and food waste, as well as some plastics made from plant-based materials. However, the conditions in which they break down can vary—some may decompose quickly in a landfill, while others require specific environmental factors like heat or moisture.

2. What Does Compostable Mean?

Compostable materials not only break down naturally but also decompose in a way that returns nutrients to the soil. Composting is a controlled process where organic waste decomposes into rich soil that can be used to grow plants.

For a product to be labelled “compostable,” it must meet certain standards that ensure it breaks down quickly, leaves no toxic residue, and enriches the soil. Compostable products are often made from organic materials like cornstarch, sugarcane, or bamboo. They need the right conditions, such as a compost bin or industrial compost facility, to decompose properly.

3. Key Differences

• Time Frame: Compostable products are designed to break down quickly under specific conditions, usually within 90 days. Biodegradable products may take longer, depending on the material and environment.

• End Result: Compostable products decompose into nutrient-rich compost that benefits the soil, while biodegradable products may not contribute to soil health.

• Breakdown Process: Composting is a regulated process, requiring certain conditions like moisture and oxygen. Biodegradable materials, on the other hand, may break down in landfills or other uncontrolled environments, but this process can sometimes release harmful chemicals.

4. Environmental Impact

Both compostable and biodegradable products are better for the environment than traditional plastics, but compostable products have the upper hand. Because they break down into nutrient-rich compost, they actively benefit the earth. Biodegradable products, while an improvement over conventional materials, may still take years to decompose and may not always contribute to the environment in the same way.

For example, certain biodegradable plastics can leave behind microplastics, which do not fully break down and can pose a threat to marine life and ecosystems. Compostable products, on the other hand, completely return to nature, leaving no harmful residues behind.

5. How to Choose Between Them

When shopping for sustainable products, look for items labelled “compostable” if you have access to a composting system (whether it’s at home or via a local facility). Compostable products ensure a more complete, beneficial breakdown, returning nutrients to the soil.

However, if you don’t have access to composting, biodegradable products are still a good alternative to traditional plastics. Just keep in mind that they may take longer to break down, especially if they end up in a landfill where conditions aren’t optimal for decomposition.